OD3 

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LIBRARY OF C0N gE 
' 027 211 004 9 • 



X 




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Book 






Copyright N°. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 




PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON 



[i] 



THE STARS AND STRIPES 

FROM 

WASHINGTON TO WILSON 

1777-1914 



Our National and State Laws 
are based on the Constitution 
and the Flag is its Symbol. 



BY 

CHARLES W) STEWART 

SUPERINTENDENT UBKARY AND 
NAVAI, WAR RECORDS 



WASHINGTON, D. C. 
THE NAVY PUBLISHING CO. 

1914 






COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY 
CHARGES W. STEWART 



PRBSS OF FRANC. E. SHEIRY 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 

©CI.A376265 



CONTENTS 

Preface v 

The Stars and Stripes from Washington to Wilson 1 

The Birth of the Stars and Stripes 6 

The Flag of Fifteen Stars 11 

The Flags of Twenty Stars and Forty-eight Stars 11 

Dimensions of the National Flag 17 

Standard Proportions of National Emblem 18 

Dates of Admission of the States of the Union 20 

The Display of the Flag 21 

Resolution of Congress designating Mother's Day 22 

The President's Proclamation in regard to Mother's Day 23 

Books and Lectures on the Flag 24 

Illustrations. 

President Woodrow Wilson Frontispiece 

George Washington ix 

John Paul Jones xi 

Admiral George Dewey, U. S. N xiii 

Flag of 1777-1795, Colored plate xvi 

Flag of 1795-1818, Colored plate xvi 

Flag of 1818, Colored plate xvii 

Flag of 1912, Colored plate xvii 

The Grand Union Flag, 1776 4 

Fac-simile of Resolution authorizing the Stars and Stripes 7 

American Flag of Revolutionary Period 8 

Maryland Flag carried in the Battle of Cowpens 9 

The Flag of Fifteen Stars 11 

The Star-Spangled Banner of Fort McHenry 12 

Approximate Arrangement of Stars in the Enterprise Flag 13 

Flag of 1912 15 

Diagrams Showing Dimensions of U. S. Ensign 19 

Diagrams of Boat Flag 25 

Songs and Bugle Calls. 

America 29 

The Star-Spangled Banner 30 

The American Flag 32 

O Columbia, Gem of the Ocean 33 

Reveille 34 

Morning Colors 34 

Taps 34 

Evening Colors 35 

[iii] 



PREFACE 

The story of "The Stars and Stripes from Washington to 
Wilson," in "The Navy" for October, 1913, is here reprinted, 
with some additions of text and illustration. 

The flags in outline are from the Navy Department plan re- 
ferred to in Executive Order 1637 and show the proportions of 
the standard ensign and the navy boat flag, and the position, size, 
and arrangement of the stars in the ensign and in the boat flag. 

The portraits of George Washington, John Paul Jones, and 
George Dewey show the features of three of our heroes who have 
gained great victories in foreign wars. The Washington por- 
trait is from the painting, in the War Department, by Huntington 
after Trumbull and others. The frontispiece is of right that of 
the President. 

The colored plates of the Stars and Stripes show the flag of 
1777 with stars in a circle. It is probable that army flags were, 
at first, thus arranged, and that navy flags bore the stars in some 
staggered or quincunx grouping. The known navy flags of the 
period 1795-1818 had the stars in horizontal rows staggered; the 
Navy Commissioners, May 18, 1818, required the new flag to 
bear twenty stars in four horizontal rows, staggered. This form 
was changed to a rectangular grouping of the four horizontal rows 
by direction of the President, four months later. The rectangu- 
lar arrangement has been closely followed since that date. The 
writer has followed the flag through many written and printed 
records, and has found a growing reverence for the national en- 
sign and an increasing desire fcr fixed proportions and sizes of 
the flag, a desire that resulted in the Executive Order, 1637, 
October 29, 1912. 

There is no known contemporaneous written account of the 
construction of our first national flag in 1776 or 1777, and the 
Stars and Stripes was probably not widely known or generally 
used on land until after the Revolutionary War. 

Governments and nations are slow of growth. Our flag was 
not the beloved ensign of a great nation when it was first used, 
and it is not strange that the State flags were then more important 
than the national flag. The Congress from 1775 to 1789 was 

[v] 



vi Preface 

composed of a succession of delegates, and its duties and powers 
were indicated in the Articles of Association adopted in 1774, and 
were more fully set forth in the Articles of Confederation agreed 
upon in 1777 and adopted July 9, 1778. The government was 
without power to prevent or punish offenses against its own laws. 
There was no President or other executive power except com- 
mittees of the Congress. After the Treaty of Peace in 1783, 
which ended the War of the Revolution, England refused to 
carry out that treaty or to send a minister to the United States. 
The Federal Government was despised abroad, disobeyed at home. 
Algiers declared war against the United States in 1785. 

In defense against intolerable conditions, at home and abroad, 
a Constitutional Convention, whose presiding officer was George 
Washington, adopted, in 1787, the Constitution (ratified by the 
States in 1788), which begins as follows: — 

PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the com- 
mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con- 
stitution for the United States of America. 

Under this Constitution, from Washington to Wilson, our 
country has grown great— from 3,000,000 to 100,000,000 of pop- 
ulation ; from a puny confederacy to the greatest nation in the 
world. The tests of foreign and civil war, bitter political and 
personal contests, financial disaster and unparalleled prosperity, 
and vast increase in territory, have tried and approved it. The 
Constitution provides for control of the Legislative, Executive, 
and Judicial functions, both Federal and State. The stability 
of our own government, compared with the radical changes in 
those of every other nation, is the highest memorial of the wis- 
dom and patriotism of the men who framed the Constitution and 
of their successors who have supported, defended, and obeyed it. 

The boys and girls of the present will be the voters of the fu- 
ture ; they may amend the Constitution. It will be well for them 
to know that under its wise provisions our government is "by 
the people, for the people." It will be well for them to feel the 
significance of the Stars and Stripes as the emblem of Liberty 
and Union as set forth in the preamble of the Constitution. It 
will be well for them to realize that our Flag stands for struggle 



Preface vii 

and self-sacrifice in the past : that our Constitution stands for 
peace and safety in the present : and that under our Constitution 
and our Flag, the Stars and Stripes, the future is bright with 
promise of national righteousness and the "benign influence of 
good Laws under a Free Government," — the ever favorite object 
of the heart of George Washington. 

CHARLES W. STEWART, 

Superintendent Library and 

Naval War Records. 




GEORGE WASHINGTON 
First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. 



[ix] 




JOHN PAUL JONES 

He hath made the Flagg of America respectable among the 
Flaggs of other Nations." 



[xil 




COPfRIGMT BY CLINEDINST 



ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY, U.S.N. 
'You may fire when you're ready, Gridley. 



[xiiil 




1777-1795 

Thirteen Stripes, Thirteen Stars 




1795-1818 

Fifteen Stripes, Fifteen Stars 




1818 

Thirteen Stripes, Twenty Stars 




July 4, 1912 
Thirteen Stripes, Forty-eight Stars 



THE STARS AND STRIPES 

FROM WASHINGTON TO WILSON 



Every man tor the Flag, and the Flag for us all. 



The Stars and Stripes is one of the very old national flags of 
the world. It was ordained and established June 14, 1777, by 
resolution of the Congress of the United States of North America, 
and officially published, September 2 and 3, 1777, by the Secretary 
of the Congress, Charles Thomson. 

Among national ensigns the flag of Denmark is probably the 
oldest; and that of Russia, second in age. The present national 
flag of Spain dates from 1785; that of France, from 1789; of 
England, from 1801 ; of Italy, from 1848 ; of Japan, from 1859 ; 
of Austria-Hungary, from 1867 ; of Germany, from 1871 ; of 
Portugal, from 1911 ; of China, from 1912. 

During the life of the Stars and Stripes, one-half of the na- 
tions of the earth have become republics, and every government 
has given increased liberty and representation to its people. The 
world has advanced, particularly during the past fifty years, in 
the sciences, in the arts, in material prosperity and personal com- 
fort, as never before. 

The romantic story of our flag is told at Flag Day exercises 
held on its anniversary, June 14, in public schools and institutions 
throughout the United States and its territories and insular pos- 
sessions. The American Flag Association, organized in 1898, 
for the purpose of fostering public sentiment in favor of honoring 
our flag and preventing its desecration, proposed the following 
pledge to be given in public schools daily, with a salute to the 
flag:- 

"I pledge allegiance to my Flag, and to the Country for which 
it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." 

[i] 



The Stars and Stripes 



Flag Day was first observed in 1861, at Hartford, Connecticut, 
by hanging out flags and by having a patriotic program, with 
music, addresses, and prayer. The celebration of Flag Day in 
the public schools began in Philadelphia, in 1893. A bill in the 
Congress providing that June 14 should be a legal holiday was 
voted down on June 13, 1861. Other bills of like tenor have 
since failed to become law. 

There is a United States statute forbidding the use of the 
national ensign as a trade-mark, and many States have adopted 
laws forbidding its desecration. 

There is an appropriation for displaying the flag on the east 
and west fronts of the national Capitol. The flag is hoisted over 
the Senate or House of Representatives when in session. The 
Stars and Stripes floats at the flagstaff on the White House dur- 
ing the hours from 8 a.m. to sunset, while the President is in 
Washington. Its absence from the Executive Mansion indicates 
the absence of the President from the Capital City. The flag 
is displayed over United States Department buildings and offices, 
from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. At all military posts and stations the 
flag is hoisted at sunrise and lowered at sunset, with appropriate 
ceremony. On United States warships in port and at naval sta- 
tions the colors are hoisted at 8 a.m and lowered at sunset. 

The regulations of the army and of the navy direct that "The 
Star Spangled Banner" be played by the band at morning and 
evening "colors," or, if there be no band, that "colors" be sounded 
by the field music, — the bugle. The Navy Regulations, issued 
with the approval of the President, also requires that the "na- 
tional air" be played at "colors" on ships and at stations where 
there is a band. In substance and effect this makes "The Star 
Spangled Banner" the national air. 

The flag must always be displayed in battle. Naval vessels 
engaging the enemy hoist the largest ensign on board. 

February 22 is observed most ceremoniously in the army and 
navy, by decorations and by firing a national salute of twenty-one 
guns at noon. On July 4, at noon, a "salute to the Union," one 



From Washington to Wilson 



gun for each State, commemorating the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, is fired at all army posts, but in the navy the national 
salute is fired on that day. Other holidays — New Year's Day 
(January 1), Inauguration Day (March 4), Memorial Day (May 
30), Labor Day (first Monday in September), Thanksgiving 
Day (last Thursday in November), and Christmas Day (Decem- 
ber 25) — are observed, but with less official ceremony than 
July 4 and February 22. 

The sun never sets on the Stars and Stripes, for the flag flies 
from our embassies, legations, and consulates the world over; 
and from March to September, the sun is above the eastern hori- 
zon of Maine and Porto Rico, as it sinks below the western 
horizon of our possessions in the Far East. 

For seventy years prior to the Revolutionary War, the British- 
American Colonies flew the red ensign of the mother country, 
with the union of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew. 
New England used also a blue flag, with the red cross of St. 
George on a white canton,* and some of the colonies had special 
devices added to the red and blue banners. 

The early American flags of the Revolutionary War were of 
various colors and many designs, including pine trees, rattle- 
snakes, thirteen red and white stripes, crescents, mottoes, etc. 
Some of these flags were used throughout the war. 

*In a flag, the hoist is the vertical part, dimension, or height of the 
portion next the staff, pole, or halliards. The fly is trie horizontal part, 
dimension, or length of the flag. The canton (Eat. canton, "corner") is 
a rectangle in the upper corner next the hoist. The union is the device 
placed in the canton to denote political union ; and the term "union" some- 
times includes both the device and the canton, and is generally called the 
jack, or the union jack. 

The name "Jack" was first applied to the flag of England — the union 
of England's and Scotland's crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, 
ordered in 1606, for English and Scotch ships, by James I, whose name 
in French is Jacques. The flag was then called "Jacques' Flag," and 
later simply "the Jack." This Jack was adopted by Parliament in 1707, 
modified in 1801, by the addition of the cross of St. Patrick, and the 
Jack of the United Kingdom became the flag of the British Empire, as 
it is to-day. 



The Stars and Stripes 



A flag of thirteen horizontal red and white stripes, with the red 
cross of St. George on a white canton, was the distinguishing 
mark of flagships in the British Navy in the eighteenth century. 
A similar flag was flown on vessels of the East India Company. 
The Light Horse Troop, of Philadelphia, carried, in 1775, the 
Markoe Banner, with a canton of thirteen stripes alternate blue 
and silver. Washington's family coat of arms bore red five- 
pointed stars, one point upward, and red and white horizontal 
stripes. 




THE GRAND UNION FLAG, 1776 



The Grand Union Flag was the Continental standard from 
January, 1776, until superseded by the Stars and Stripes in 1777. 
The Journals of the Continental Congress tell us that Benjamin 
Harrison of Virginia, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, and 
Thomas Lynch of South Carolina, were appointed, in September, 
1775, a committee to confer with Washington and others on 
regulating a Continental army. The committee was in Wash- 
ington's camp at Cambridge, Massachusetts, late in October, 
1775; and, on January 1, 1776, Washington hoisted at the army 
headquarters, in Cambridge, a flag of "thirteen stripes, red and 



From Washington to Wilson 



white alternately, with the English Union cantoned in the corner." 
It is probable that this Grand Union Flag had been approved by 
the visiting committee of Congress, and was the national ensign 
under which the fleet of Commodore Esek Hopkins sailed from 
Philadelphia in February, 1776; Arnold fought the Battle of 
Lake Champlain, in October, 1776, and Washington crossed the 
Delaware and fought the battles of Trenton, December 26, 
1776, and Princeton, January 3, 1777. 



The Stars and Stripes 



THE BIRTH OF THE STARS AND STRIPES 

The Declaration of Independence marked the separation of the 
Colonies from England and the beginning of a new nation, and 
demanded a distinctively American standard in place of the 
half-American, half-British Grand Union Flag. The origin of 
the new flag, the Stars and Stripes, with thirteen stripes and 
thirteen stars, is set forth in family traditions ; and in the Rough 
Journal of the Continental Congress for June 14, 1777, page 243, 
as follows : — 

Resolved, That the Flag of the United States be 13 stripes alternate 
red and white, that the Union be 13 stars white in a blue field representing 
a new constellation. 

The facsimile shows that there was first written, "Resolved 
That the Flag of the United States consist of . . . ," etc. ; 
then "consist" was struck out ; "be distinguished" was inserted, 
and "by" was written over "of" ; and finally, "distinguished by" 
was struck out, leaving the resolution as quoted. The Journal 
shows that the changes were probably made by reason of dis- 
cussion in the Congress and were not merely the work of a 
committee. These official records do not show much sentiment 
in the creation of the flag. There was no Congressional Record 
in those days. We can read only of the results in the Congress 
and conjecture the discussions. 

The resolution provides for the number of stars, but not for 
their arrangement or the number of points in a star. There is 
a tradition that the stars of the flag were the stars of Washing- 
ton's family coat of arms, adopted at the suggestion of Benjamin 
Franklin, and first placed thus : — 




From Washington to Wilson 



rg,lCu/u*<J* QvreuA%>*t*f ijyfc/^far** £&* ^»^t*^/ 
^^^, tf bus*. *V f& tcutsx. M-c£omh!l>i^ a* Wlcj 

' r '"L^ ^~£> tyM"* &/"<*"' 

(it Soft *Lp e^f&J *6nJt Urf~my"^M 



FACSIMILE OF PAGE OF ROUGH JOURNAL OF THE CONTINENTAL 

CONGRESS, JUNE 14, 1777, SHOWING RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING 

THE STARS AND STRIPES 



8 



The Stars and Stripes 



The stars took the place of the saltire cross ( X ) °f St. Andrew 
and the rectangular cross (-[-) of St. George of the Grand Union 
Flag. This arrangement of stars has been used in the United 
States Navy boat-flag for many years and has recently been 
reaffirmed by Executive Order. The five-pointed star, with one 
point upward, is an ancient symbol of authority and dominion of 
India, Persia, and Egypt. It is a sacred symbol in Christian 
churches, and symbolizes dominion. It has a special significance 
and interest as a symbol of Freemasonry, of which order Wash- 
ington, Franklin, Ross, and nearly all of the signers of the Decla- 
ration of Independence, were eminent members. 




AMERICAN FLAG OF REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, ACCORDING 
TO PEALE AND TRUMBULL 



Peale and Trumbull have painted the flag of the Revolutionary 
War period with thirteen five-pointed stars in a circle. The flag 
of the Third Maryland Regiment, preserved in the State House, 
Annapolis, Maryland, has in the Union twelve white five-pointed 



From Washington to Wilson 



stars in the circumference and one star in the center of a circle. 
This standard is 32 x 60 inches. It was carried in the Battle of 
the Cowpens, January 17, 1781. 




MARYLAND FLAG CARRIED IN THE BATTLE OF THE COWPENS 
This flag is said to have been made by Betsy Ross in 1780 

The flag used by John Paul Jones in the Bonhommc Richard 
was deposited in the museum of the Alexandria-Washington 
Lodge F. A. A. M., of which George Washington was Master. 
This flag was destroyed in 1871, when the Temple and City Hall 
of Alexandria burned down.* 

There is a curious old flag now preserved in the rooms of the 
Grand Lodge F. A. A. M., at Raleigh, N. C, which is the "Stars 
and Stripes" carried by North Carolina troops at the Battle of 
Guilford Court House, March 15, 1781. This flag has thirteen 
horizontal stripes, alternate blue and red, the bottom stripe nearly 



*See "Washington, the Man and the Mason," by Charles H. Callahan, 
Washington, 1913, page 311. 



10 The Stars and Stripes 



all torn off. The canton is white, eight stripes high, and the 
thirteen stars are eight-pointed , blue in color and in nearly quin- 
cunx grouping. 

The traditions of the construction of the very first "Stars and 
Stripes'' by Mrs. Elizabeth Ross (popularly called ''Betsy Ross") 
are set forth in reasonable and credible affidavits.* 

The Society of Patriotic Decorations & Civic Improvement, of 
Washington, D. C, states, in its circulars, that a committee com- 
posed of General Washington, Robert Morris, and Colonel 
George Ross (uncle of Betsy Ross' husband), called upon Mrs. 
Betsy Ross, in June, 1776, and asked her to make a new flag 
from a rough drawing, which, according to her suggestions, was 
at once redrawn by General Washington, in her back parlor; 
that the house where the flag was made is still standing, — a 
two-story and attic building, No. 239 Arch Street (below Third 
Street), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

The affidavits of Rachel Fletcher, a daughter of Betsy Ross, 
and of Margaret Boggs, a niece, state, in substance, the foregoing, 
and explain that a suggestion by Mrs. Ross was the use of the 
five-pointed, in place of the six-pointed star ; that she showed the 
committee how to fold a piece of paper so that a proper five- 
pointed star could be made with one snip of the shears ; and fur- 
ther, that she made the flag, as' redrawn by Washington according 
to her suggestions, and that the committee carried it to the Con- 
gress, where it was approved and adopted. 

Betsy Rossf left to her descendants and to her country the 
glorious tradition of the honest, skillful, cheerful, energetic, patri- 
otic woman of the American Revolution, who fashioned and 
placed in the hands of our first great soldier the Flag of Freedom, 
our national ensign, — the most beautiful flag in the world. 

^Printed in an accurate and charming volume, "The Evolution of the 
American Flag," by Lloyd Balderston, Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1909. 

fElizabeth Griscom (later, Betsy Ross) was born January 1, 1752; 
married, November, 1773, John Ross, a Continental soldier, who died of 
wounds, and was buried in the grounds of Christ Church, Philadelphia, 



From Washington to Wilson 1 1 



THE FLAG OF FIFTEEN STARS 

The Congress provided, in an Act approved January 13, 1794, 
that the flag should have fifteen stripes and fifteen stars, as there 
were, at that time, fifteen States in the Union. Under this fif- 
teen-starred, fifteen-barred flag the nation's destinies advanced 
for twenty-three years. During this momentous time, the Navy 
Department was established, April 30, 1798 ; the Louisiana Pur- 
chase was consummated, 1803 ; Washington, John Adams, Jeffer- 
son, Madison, and Monroe served as chief magistrates of the na- 
tion ; five States were admitted to the Union ; successful war was 
waged in the Naval War with France ; against the Barbary Pow- 
ers ; in the War of 1812 ; in the Northwest Indian War, and the 
Creek Indian War. 

The union of fifteen stars in this flag rested upon the ninth 
stripe, a red one. Their arrangement is shown, in the original 
Star Spangled Banner which floated over Fort McHenry and is 
now preserved in the National Museum in Washington, to be in 
five horizontal rows of three stars each. This flag was made in 
Baltimore by Mrs. Mary Pickersgill and her daughter, Mrs. 
Caroline T. Purdy. There is a story that the missing white star 
in this flag was cut out and given to President Lincoln. 

The Centennial of the Star Spangled Banner will be cele- 
brated in Baltimore and elsewhere, in 1914, in commemoration 
of the writing of the anthem by Francis Scott Key at Baltimore, 
September 14, 1814. 



January 20, 1776. She married, June 15, 1777, a sea-captain, John Ash- 
burne, who died in Mill Prison, England, March, 1782. On May 8, 
1783, she married John Claypoole, Ashburne's prison-mate, who died in 
1817. She died at her daughter's home in Philadelphia, January 30, 1836; 
was buried in the cemetery of the Society of Free Quakers, on South 
Fifth Street, from which place her remains were transferred, in 1857, 
to Mount Moriah Cemetery. Four of her daughters grew up and married. 
Betsy Ross continued the upholstery business of her first husband. She 
was for fifty years an expert needle woman, lace-maker, and flag-maker, 
and supplied the government with flags. 



12 



The Stars and Stripes 




THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER OF FORT McHENRY 

29 ft. high, 32 ft. fly 
Preserved in the National Museum, Washington, D. C. 



The commission of Washington as lieutenant-general, in 1798, 
contains engravings of the flag and of the jack with fourteen 
six-pointed stars in the circumference of a circle and a fifteenth 
star in the center thereof. 

The flag of the U.S.S. Chesapeake, captured June 1, 1813, 
and now preserved in the Museum of the Royal United Service 
Institution, London, shows the stars as arranged in The Star 
Spangled Banner of Fort McHenry. 



From Washington to Wilson 



13 




APPROXIMATE ARRANGEMENT OF FIFTEEN 

STARS IN THE FLAG OF THE U.S.S. ENTERPRISE 

SEPTEMBER 5, 1813 



Another navy flag, that of the U.S.S. Enterprise, carried 
in that ship when she captured H.B.M. Ship Boxer, Septem- 
ber 5, 1813, shows the stars arranged in three horizontal rows of 
five stars each. The fly of the union in this flag is one-half the 
fly of the flag and the hoist of the union is eight stripes. The flag 
is about liy 2 x 0V2 feet. 



14 The Stars and Stripes 



THE FLAGS OF TWENTY STARS AND FORTY-EIGHT STARS 

The Congress, in an Act approved April 4 5 1818, re-established 
the flag of the thirteen stripes and provided that the union be 
twenty stars, as there were twenty States in the Union at that 
time. The stars were arranged in four horizontal rows of five 
stars each, forming a rectangular block. This Act provided fur- 
ther that on the admission of every new State into the Union, 
one star should be added to the union of the flag. This is the 
existing statute under which the union of the flag has increased 
to forty-eight stars, as the Union has increased to forty-eight 
States. Representative P. H. Wendover of New York, at the 
suggestion of Captain Samuel Chester Reid, the famous com- 
mander of the privateer General Armstrong, proposed the bill 
which became law, April 4, 1818. 

The Stars and Stripes can be positively identified at a greater 
distance than any other national flag. At long distances, with 
the sun behind the observer, the stripes have a reddish tinge and 
the union is dark gray; and if the flag is between the sun and 
the observer, the stripes have a light gray tinge and the union is 
almost black. 

In recent years, the Joint Army and Navy Board has proposed 
the arrangement of the stars in the union, and the Secretaries of 
War and of the Navy have issued the necessary orders. On June 
1, 1912, a board, — Avhose presiding officer was Captain W. F. 
Halsey, U. S. Navy, — representing all the Executive Depart- 
ments, — Navy, Justice, Agriculture, War, State, Interior, Post 
Office, Treasury, and Commerce and Labor, — met in the Library 
of the Navy Department and proposed standard sizes and pro- 
portions for the national ensign, as there were at that time some 
sixty-six different sizes of the national flag, and of varying pro- 
portions, in use by the Executive Departments. In Executive 
Order No. 1637, dated October 29, 1912, printed below, the size 
and proportions of the flag are defined substantially as proposed 
by the inter-department board, June 4, 1912. 



From Washington to Wilson 15 




FLAG OF 1912 

The Stars and Stripes, from 177? to 1795, bore thirteen stars 
and thirteen stripes ; from 1795 to 1818, fifteen stars and fifteen 
stripes; from 1818 to 1913, a star for every State and thirteen 
stripes. There were thirteen stars in the flag at the time of the 
Revolutionary War and the adoption of the Constitution; fifteen 
stars in the War of 1812 and in the War with the Barbery Pow- 
ers ; twenty-nine in the Mexican W r ar ; thirty-five in the Civil 
War; forty-five in the Spanish-American War. 

Our flag has always flown for the freedom of men and the 
freedom of the sea. Since it was first saluted, February 14, 
1778, by a foreign power, in Quiberon Bay, France, borne by our 
first great sailor, John Paul Jones, on the U.S.S. Ranger, it has 
carried a message of hope to all humanity. Its red denotes cour- 
age ; its white, purity ; its blue, loyalty and devotion ; its stars, 
high aspiration and federal union. The Stars and Stripes is the 
sign of national sovereignty and unity. It is the symbol of the 
Constitution, as the Cross is the symbol of Christianity. 

We have enjoyed so many blessings and privileges that some 
may have forgotten that these blessings are derived from the 
provisions of the Constitution, which give us political and re- 
ligious liberty and freedom of speech and press. 



16 The Stars and Stripes 

The Constitution is the plan of government of the United 
States, and every citizen is bound to support it against all ene- 
mies whatsoever. This country, with its institutions, belongs to 
the people who inhabit it. Nowhere else in the world is presented 
a government of so much liberty and equality. An immigrant 
may attain any federal office in the United States, legislative, 
executive, or judicial, excepting only two, — those of President 
and Vice-President. Our laws, National and State, are based 
on the Constitution, and the flag is the symbol, not only of the 
National Constitution, but of every State Constitution. The flag 
is the Constitution. 

George Washington was the chief officer engaged in the crea- 
tion of the Stars and Stripes ; the chief and presiding officer in 
the creation of the Constitution. He was "First in war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen," and the Consti- 
tution and the Stars and Stripes, which he in large part created 
and established, receive our respect and devotion in like high 
degree. 



From Washington to Wilson 17 



DIMENSIONS OF THE NATIONAL FLAG 

The following Executive Order defines the dimensions of the 
National Flag. 

EXECUTIVE ORDER, 1637, OCTOBER 29, 1912. 

The Executive Order of June 24, 1912, is hereby revoked, and for it is 
substituted the following : 

Whereas, "An Act to Establish the Flag of the United States," approved 
on the 4th of April, 1818, reading as follows : 

"Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., That from and after the fourth day of 
July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizonal stripes, 
alternate red and white ; that the union have twenty stars, white in a 
blue field. 

"Section 2. Be it further enacted, That on the admission of every new 
State into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and 
that such addition shall take effect on the fourth of July next succeeding 
such admission." 

fails to establish proportions ; and 

Whereas, investigation shows some sixty-six different sizes of National 
flags, and of varying proportions, in use in the Executive Departments; 

It is hereby ordered that National Flags and Union Jacks for all De- 
partments of the Government, with the exception noted under (a), shall 
conform to the following proportions : 

Fly (length) of Flag 1.9 

Hoist (width) of Flag 1 

Hoist (width) of Union / 5 

Fly (length) of Union 76 

Width of each stripe ,3 

(a) Exception : The colors carried by troops, and camp colors, shall be 
the sizes prescribed for the Military Service (Army and Navy). 

Limitation of the number of sices: With exception of colors under 
note (a), the sizes of flags manufactured or purchased for Government 
Departments will be limited to those with the following hoists : 

(1) 20.00 feet (7) 5.14 feet 

(2) (standard) 19.00 feet (8) 5.00 feet 

(3) 14.35 feet (9) 3.52 feet 

(4) 12.19 feet (10) 2.90 feet 

(5) 10.00 feet (11) 2.37 feet 

(6) 8.94 feet (12) 1.31 feet 

Union Jacks: The size of the Jack shall be the size of the Union of 

the National Flag with which it is flown. 



18 The Stars and Stripes 

Position and Size of Stars: The position and size of each star for the 
Union of the flag shall be as indicated on a plan which will be furnished 
to the Departments by the Navy Department. From this plan can be 
determined the location and size of stars for flags of any dimensions. 
Extra blueprints of this plan will be furnished upon application to the 
Navy Department. 

Order effective: All National Flags and Union Jacks now on hand or 
for which contracts have been awarded shall be continued in use until 
unserviceable, but all those manufactured or purchased for Government 
use after the date of this order shall conform strictly to the dimensions, 
and proportions herein prescribed. 

Boat Flags: In order that the identity of the stars in flags when car- 
ried by small boats belonging to the Government may be preserved, the 
custom holding in the Navy for many years, of thirteen (13) stars for 
boat flags, is hereby approved. 

President's Flag: The color of the field of the President's flag shall 
be blue. 

Wm. H. Taft. 



STANDARD PROPORTIONS OF NATIONAL ENSIGN 

The following table gives the standard proportions for all parts 
of the standard national ensign. The actual dimension of any 
part of the flag is obtained by multiplying the hoist by the pro- 
portion given in the table. Thus, in ensign No. 1, with hoist of 
20 feet, the diameter (J) of the star is 20x0.0616=1.232 feet. 
This table furnishes a ready means of preparing the dimensions 
for ensign Nos. 1, 5, and 8, omitted in the table accompanying 
the outline plan. The dimensions of the four sizes of boat flags 
are given with plan of the boat flag. (See plans, p. 25.) 

Standard Proportions. 

A 1.0000 G 0.0950 

B 1.9000 H 0.0447 

C 0.0475 I 0.0897 

D 0.4615 J 0.0616 

E 0.5384 K 0.0769 

F 0.7600 



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[19] 



20 



The Stars and Stripes 



DATES OF ADMISSION OF THE STATES TO THE UNION 

A new star is added to the Flag on the Fourth of July following 
the date of admission of a State. 

The thirteen original States (represented by the red and white 
stripes on the flag) were : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
Georgia. 

The following table gives the dates of ratification of the Con- 
stitution by the original thirteen States, and the dates of admis- 
sion into the Union of the thirty-five additional States : 



1. Delaware Dec. 7, 

2. Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 

3. New Jersey Dec. 18, 

4. Georgia Jan. 2, 

5. Connecticut Jan. 9, 

6. Massachusetts Feb. 7, 

7. Maryland April 28, 

8. South Carolina.. .May 23, 

9. New Hampshire. .June 21, 

10. Virginia June 26, 

11. New York July 26, 

12. North Carolina. ..Nov. 21, 

13. Rhode Island May 29, 

14. Vermont Mar. 4, 

15. Kentucky June 1. 

16. Tennessee June 1, 

17. Ohio Nov. 29, 

18. Louisiana Apr. 30, 

19. Indiana Dec. 11, 

20. Mississippi Dec. 10, 

21. Illinois Dec. 3, 

22. Alabama Dec. 14, 

23. Maine Mar. 15, 

24. Missouri Aug. 10, 



1787 


25. 


1787 


26. 


1787 


27. 


1788 


28. 


1788 


29. 


1788 


30. 


1788 


31. 


1788 


32. 


1788 


33. 


1788 


34. 


1788 


35. 


1789 


36. 


1790 


37. 


1791 


38. 


1792 


39. 


1796 


40. 


1802 


41. 


1812 


42. 


1816 


43. 


1817 


44. 


1818 


45. 


1819 


46. 


1820 


47. 


1821 


48. 



Arkansas June 15 

Michigan Jan. 26 

Florida .Mar. 3 

Texas Dec. 29 

Iowa Dec. 28 

Wisconsin May 29 

California Sept. 9 

Minnesota May 11 

Oregon Feb. 14 

Kansas Jan. 29 

West Virginia... .June 19 

Nevada Oct. 31 

Nebraska Mar. 1 

Colorado Aug. 1 

North Dakota Nov. 2 

South Dakota Nov. 2 

Montana Nov. 8 

Washington Nov. 11 

Idaho July 3 

Wyoming July 10 

Utah Jan. 4 

Oklahoma Nov. 16 

Arizona Jan. 6 

New Mexico Feb. 14 



1836 
1837 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1848 
1850 
1858 
1859 
1861 
1863 
1864 
1867 
1876 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1890 
1890 
1896 
1907 
1912 
1912 



From Washington to Wilson 2 1 



THE DISPLAY OF THE FLAG 

The following information regarding the display of the Stars 
and Stripes is an extract from Flag Circular No. 4, issued by the 
Society of Patriotic Decorations and Civic Improvement, Wash- 
ington, D. C.\ 

Holidays when the Flag should be displayed. 

Lincoln's Birthday February 12 

Washington's Birthday February 22 

Inauguration Day March 4 

Battle of Lexington April 19 

Battle of Manila Bay (half staff until noon) May 1 

Mother's Day 2d Sunday in May 

Memorial Day (half staff until noon) May 30 

Flag Day June 14 

Battle of Bunker Hill June 17 

Independence Day July 4 

Labor Day First Monday in September 

Lake Erie Day September 10 

Lake Champlain Day September 11 

John Paul Jones Day September 23 

Battle of Saratoga October 17 

Surrender at Yorktown October 19 

On Memorial Day, May 30, the Flag should fly at half staff 
from sunrise to noon and full staff from noon to sunset. It should 
first be raised to full staff, then lowered -for forenoon and even- 
ing. 

The Flag should not be hoisted before sunrise nor be allowed 
to remain up after sunset. 

At "Morning and Evening Colors," civilian spectators should 
stand at "attention'' and uncover during the playing of the "Star 
Spangled Banner." Military spectators are required by Regu- 
lations to stand at "attention" and give the military salute. The 
Flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and should 
never be raised or lowered by any mechanical appliance. 

When the National and State, or other flags fly together, the 
National Flag should be on the right. 

*Mr. Frederick D. Owen is President of this Society. 



22 The Stars and Stripes 

When the Flag is flown at half staff as a sign of mourning, it 
should be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral. 

The Salute to the Union, fired at Army posts at noon, July 4, 
is one gun for every State. The National Salute is 21 guns. 

Whenever possible the Flag should be flown from a staff or 
mast, but should not be fastened to the side of a building, plat- 
form, or scaffolding. It should not be used as a cover over a 
table, desk, or box, or where anything can be set or placed upon 
the Flag. 

When the Flag is used as a banner, the union should fly to the 
north in streets running east and west and to the east on streets 
running north and south. 

When flags are used in unveiling a statue or monument, they 
should not be allowed to fall to the ground, but should be carried 
aloft to wave out, forming a distinctive feature during the re- 
mainder of the ceremony.* 



MOTHER'S DAY 

The Joint Resolution of the 63d Congress designating the sec- 
ond Sunday in Alay as Mother's Day, and for other purposes, is 

as follows : 

Whereas, The service rendered the United States by the American 
mother is the greatest source of the country's strength and inspiration ; 
and 

Whereas, We honor ourselves and the mothers of America when we 
do anything to give emphasis to the home as the fountain head of the 
State; and 

Whereas, The American mother is doing so much for the home, the 
moral uplift and religion, hence so much for g'ood government and 
humanity : Therefore be it 

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the 
United States is hereby authorized and requested to issue a proclamation 
calling upon the Government officials to display the United States flag 
on all Government buildings, and the people of the United States to 
display the flag at their homes" or other suitable places, on the second 

*First used at national unveiling ceremonies by Frederick D. Owen. 



Prom Washington to Wilson 23 

Sunday in May, as a public expression of our love and reverence for the 

mothers of our country. 

Sec, 2. That the second Sunday in May shall hereafter he designated 

and known as Mother's Day, and it shall be the duty of the President to 

request its observance as provided for in this resolution- 
Approved. May 8, 1914. 



BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

A PROCLAMATION 

Whereas, By a Joint Resolution approved May S, 1914, '"desig- 
nating the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day, and for other 
purposes," the President is authorized and requested to issue a 
proclamation calling upon the government officials to display the 
United States flag on all government buildings, and the people 
of the United States to display the flag at their homes or other 
suitable places on the second Sunday in May as a public ex- 
pression of our love and reverence for the mothers of our 
country ; 

Axd Whereas, By the said Joint Resolution it is made the duty 
of the President to request the observance of the second Sunday 
in May as provided for in the said Joint Resolution ; 

Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United 
States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the 
said Joint Resolution, do hereby direct the government officials 
to display the United States flag on all government buildings and 
do invite the people of the United States to display the flag at 
their homes or other suitable places on the second Sunday in May 
as a public expression of our love and reverence for the mothers 
of our country. 

In witness whereof I have set my hand and caused the seal 
of the United States to be hereunto affixed. 

Doxe at the City of Washington this ninth day of May, 
[seal.] in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred 

and fourteen, and of the Independence of the United 
States one hundred and thirty-eight. 

WOODROW WILSON 
By the President : 
William Jennings Bryan 

Secretary of State. 



24 The Stars and Stripes 



BOOKS AND LECTURES ON THE FLAG 

There are many valuable and interesting books relating to our Flag: 
"Origin and Progress of the Flag," by Preble; "The Stars and Stripes 
and Other American Flags," by Harrison ; "Evolution of the American 
Flag," by Canby and Balderston ; "Regimental Colors in the War of the 
Revolution, and Colors of the Army, 1789-1912," by Gherardi Davis; 
"Our Country's Flag," by Holden; "Our Nation's Flag in History," by 
Smith ; and "The American Flag," by Harlan Homer Hoyt, are a few of 
the larger books. The volume by Preble is authoritative and covers the 
widest field. 

Miss Frances M. Richardson, "The Flag Lady," residing at 1008 West 
Fourth Street, Los Angeles, California, has reproduced fifty of the flags 
used in America and presents them in her stirring patriotic lecture, "The 
Growth and Triumphs of the American Flag." 

Mr. R. C. Ballard Thruston, of Louisville, Ky., President-General of 
the Sons of the American Revolution, has prepared the MSS. and col- 
lected the illustrations for a history of the American Flag that contains 
much information never before published. Mr. Thruston has given many 
addresses on the Flag, illuminated with actual flags, which are worthy of 
this past master of history and diction, and he has given permission to 
the writer to thus use his name on condition that such use be accompanied 
by the statement that admission to his lectures and addresses must be 
absolutely free. 



S33B&S 7*r>B3 CI Ol */ O3OIA10 30 QJ. 



_L4 







26 



The Stars and Stripes 



TO CUT A FIVE-POINTED STAR WITH ONE STRAIGHT CUT 

To cut a five-pointed star with one straight snip of the shears, take 
a piece of paper about 8 inches wide and 10 inches long. Fold at center 
on horizontal line, laying the lower edge of sheet at top of sheet. From 
the center O draw lines OB, OC, OD, forming five sectors of 36° each 
(Figure 1). 



T 



v / 

\ / 



\ I 



V V I y y 



o r 

Fitr.l 




Fold at line OD, lay edge OF on line OB, press smooth the fold OD, 
and the result is Figure 2. 

Fold Figure 2 at line OB, lay edge OA on line OC. The result is 
Figure 3. 

Fold Figure 3 at line OC, lay edge OD on edge OB, and smooth the fold 
OC. The result is Figure 4. 




Fig-. 3 



Fig-. 4 



Fig. 5 



Cut vertically XY, choosing point X so that OX is equal to OA. OY 
will be about one-third of OX. 



From Washington to Wilson 



27 



Open the portion XYO, and there appears the half star (Figure 6). 
Open this folded half star, and the five-pointed star appears (Figure 7). 
This star is of the dimensions of a star inscribed in a circle of radius OA. 




Fig-. 6 



Fig-. 7 

It is a curious fact that the side of the star is very near 1.9 times the 
radius of the circle and 1.9 is the proportion of the length to the height 
of the national ensign required by Executive Order, 1637. 

The lines in Figure 1 may at first be laid off by a protractor. Practice 
will soon enable one to fold the paper properly without drawing any lines. 



SONGS AND BUGLE CALLS 



AMERICA 



H 


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Smith, 1832. 

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of 


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swell 


the breeze, And 


ring 


from 


all 


the trees 


4. Our 


fa - 


thei's' 


God! 


to Thee, Au - 


thor 


of 


lib 


- er - ty, 






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Of thee I 
Thy name I 



sing ; Land where my 



fa 



thers died ! Land of 



love 



love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and 



m 



Sweet free - dom's song ; Let mor - tal tongues a - wake ; Let all that 
To Thee -we sing : Long may our land, be bright With free - dom'i 

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Pil - grims' pride ! From ev - 'ry 

tern - pled hills : My heart with 

breathe par - take ; Let rocks their 

bo - ly light ,- Pro - tect us 



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moun - tain side Let free -dom 
rap - ture thrills Like,, that a - 
si - lence break, — The sound pro - 
by Thy might, Great God, our 



-p.. -. -p. -» iV 



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i 

ring! 
bove. 
long. 
King! 



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[29] 



30 



The Stars and Stripes 



THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 



Francis Scott Key, 1814. 





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1. Oh, 

2. Ontha 

3. And 


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say, can you 
t shore dim -ly 
where is that 


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see, 
seen 
band, 


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by the dawn's ear 
thro' the mists of 
who so vaunt - ing 

-r-r-rf— r 


- ly light, What so 
the deep, Where the 

- ly swore, That the 


>roud - ly we 
foe's haugh-ty 
hav - oc of 

r r r r— i 


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hailed at the twi -light's last gleam-ing? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thro' the 
host in dread si - lence re - pos - es. What is that which the breeze, o'e~ the 
war and the bat - tie's con - fu - sion A home and a coun - try should 



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per - il - ous fight, O'er the ram-parts we watched were so gal - lant - ly stream-ing ! 
tow - er - ing steep, As it fit - ful - ly blows, now con - ceals,now dis - clos - es ? 
have us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul foot-steps' pol - lu - tion. 



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And the rock - et's red glase, the bombs burst-ing in air, Gave proof thro' the 

Now it. catch - es the gleam of the morn - ing's first beam, In full glo - ry re - 

No ref - uge could save the hire - ling and slave From ter - ror of 

-br-i Pi R— ■CH Ff- — f- - 



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From Washington to Wilson 



31 



m 



m 



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night 
fleet 



that our 

ed now shines on 



still there. Oh. say, does that star - span - gled 
the stream ; 'Tis the star-span - gled ban - ner, oh ! 



flight or the gloom of the grave; And the star-span - gled ban - ner 



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ban - ner . yet 
long may it 
tri - umph doth 



wave 
wave 



* &?-%?■ , — ~ . 



O'er the land 
O'er the land 
wave O'er the land 



I 

the 
the 
the 



free and the home 
free and the home 
free and the home 



of the brave 1 
of the brave ! 
of the brave ! 




Oh, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation ! 
Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land 
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. 
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, 
And this be our motto, "In God is our trust ; " 
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 



32 



The Stars and Stripes 



THE AMERICAN FLAG 



Joseph Rodman Drake, 1795-1820. 



Melody from Bellini. 



P *" 



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1. When Free-dom from her moun - tain height Un-furl'd her stand- ard to the 

2. Ma-jes - tic mon - arch of the cloud ! Who rear'st a - loft thy re - gal 

3. Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly, The sign of hope- and tri - umph 

4. Flag of the seas! on 6 -cean'swave Thy stars shall glit - ter- o'er the 



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air, . , She . tore the az - ure rohe of night, And set the 

form, . To hear , the temp - est trump- ing loud, And see the 

high ! . When speaks the sig - nal trum - pet's tone, And the long 

brave,. When death, ca - reer - ing on the gale, Sweeps dark - ly 



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stars . . of glo - ry there ! She min - gled with its gor - geous dies The 

light - ning Ian - ces driven, When strides the war - rior of the storm, And 

line . . . comes gleaming on ; Ere yet the life - blood, warm and wet, Has 

round . . the bel - lied sail : And fright - ed waves rush wild - ly back ; Be 



m 



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milk -y bald - rick of the skies, And striped its pure ce - les - tial white, With 
rolls the thun - der drum ofheav'n! Child of the sun! to thee 'tisgiv'n To 
dimm'd the glistn'ing bay - o - net — Each sol - dier'seye shall bright - ly turn To 
fore the broad-side's reel - ing rack ; The dy - ing wan-d'rer of the sea Shall 



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streak - ings from the morn 
guard the ban - ner of 
where thy me - teor glo 



ing light ! ' Then, from her man - sion 

the free ! To hov - er in the 

ries burn. Flag of the free heart's 



look at once to heav'n and thee. For - ev 



er 



float that 



Z=£=£ 



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the sun, She call'd 
sul - phur smoke, To ward 
hope and home, By an 



her ea - gle bear - er down, 

a - way * the . bat - tie stroke, 

gel hands to val - or given ! 



stand 



ard sheet ! Where breathes the foe but falls be - fore 




And gave in - to his might - y hand The sym - bol of . . her chos - en land. 
And bid its blend -ings shine a - far Like rain-bows on. . the clouds of war. 
Thy stars have lit the wel - kin dome And all thy hues . were born in heaven. 
With free-dom's soil be-neath our* feet, And free-dom's ban - ner streaming o'er us. 



From Washington to Wilson 



33 



i 



O COLUMBIA! THE GEM OF THE OCEAN 



Written and composed by Thomas a Becket, Sr., 

in 1843, for David T. Shaw, Actor. 
n With lofty expression. 



-9 -0—-0 W ~—\^— 



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i 

1. O Co - lum - bia ! the gem of the o-cean, 

2. When war wag'd its wide des - o - la - tion, 

3. The wine cup, the wine cup bring hith-er, 



The home . of the brave and the 
And threatren'd the land to de - 
And fill ye it up to the 




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The shrine of each pa - triot's de - vq - tion, A 

The ark then of free - dom's foun - da - tion, Co 

May the mem - 'ry of Washing-ton ne'er with - er, Nor the 



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world of - f ers horn - a^e to thee ; , Thy man - dates make he - roes as - 

lum - bia rode safe thro' the storm • With her gar • - lands of vie - to - ry 
star of his glo - ry grow dim! May the ser -vice u - nit - ed ne'er 



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si 



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When Lib - er - ty's form stands in view, 

When so proud - ly she bore her brave crew, 

And each to our col - ors prove true ! 



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sem - ble, 
o'er her, 
sev - er, 



Thy 
With her 
The 



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ban-ners make tyr - an - ny trem-ble, 
flag proud - ly float - ing be - fore her, 

Ar - my and , ~Na - vy f or - ev - er ! 



When - borne by the red, white,and blue. 
The . boast of the red, white, and blue. 
Three cheers for the red, white, and blue. 



Chorus. 



3 



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When borne by the red,white,and blue, 

The boast of the red,white,and. blue, 

Three cheers for the red, white, and blue, 



When borne by the red,white,and blue ; 
The boast of the red, white,and blue; 
Three cheers for the red,white,and blue ; 



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Thy ban-ners make tyr - an - ny tremble, 

With her flag proudly float-ing be -'fore her, 

The Ar-my and Na - vy for - ev - er, 



When borne by the red,white,and blue. 
The boast of the red,white,and blue. 
Three cheers for the red,white,and blue. 



34 



The Stars and Stripes 



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